【动词的时态(六)】

现在完成时(二) 过去完成时

1.现在完成时难点：

① 由since引导的时间状语，它们的主句通常使用完成时态。

He has taught English since 1970.

It has been a long time since I last saw you.

② 只有在It is …since…这种结构中，主句的谓语才可用一般现在时，现在完成时或一般过去时。如：

It’s ten years since I left school.

It’s a long time since I saw you last.

③ 表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，这类动词有：

begin, borr ow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish,

join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop等，如：

不能说：His father has died for three years.

只能说：His father died three years ago.

不能说：He has left home for two months.

只能说：He left home two months ago.

④ 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续。可与for, since时间状语连用。如：

I haven’t seen him for a long time.

I haven’t heard from him since he left.

She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.

⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的区别。

Have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿;have gone to意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿。如：

Has she ever been to Nanjing?

You have never been there before, have you?

I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.

总之，have been to讲的是过去的情况，强调去过或没有，着重于到目前为止的一个结果，而have gone to指现在人在不在，只用于第三人称，不用于第一、第二人称，不能用来代替have been to.

2、过去完成时

(1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。其结构是：had + 动词过去分词。否定、疑问句同现在完成时一样。

(2)用法

① 表 示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。如：

The meeting had begun when we got there.

He said he had seen the film.

② 表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。如：

The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.

She said that she had made much progress since she came here.