常见名词考点透析

一、单、复数名词的正确使用

[例] They have all sorts of course.

[析] 英语中，名词有单数、复数或不可数的形式。本题中的course是可数名词，意指“课程”，故应用复数形式courses。

二、仅以复数形式出现的名词

[例] Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day!

[析] Many happy returns of the day! 是一句固定的生日祝语，相当于汉语的“祝你年年有今日，岁岁有今朝!”returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。

除这一结构外，像shake hands with (= shake sb’s hand), make friends with和change seats / trains / buses等常用的结构，及thanks, cheers, congratulations, things(情况), affairs, feelings, as follows(如下), in tears, in ruins, in pieces, in chains(被囚禁), in high spirits, in one’s teens / twenties, in the 1990’s (或in the 1990s), into halves, good manners, give one’s regards / best wishes to, make contributions to, make preparations for等，也都是常用或只用复数的名词式。

三、纯粹不可数名词的使用

[例] I’m glad you have made such a great progress that...

[析] 在英语中，有些名词, 如advice(建议), news, information, fun, weather, progress, homework, housework等，无论在什么情况下都是不可数的，所以这些词没有复数形式，也不可把其与不定冠词连用。可见，such a great progress 使用有误(须改为such great progress)。再例： She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when she smelt something burning. 由于homework为不可数名词，所以，作业再多，也无复数。

四、转义名词的考查热点

[例] When you finish reading the book, you will have ______ better understanding of ______ life

A. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a; 不填

[析] 本题旨在考查考生对understanding和life这两个名词可数性的界定：understanding已为转义用法，life在此泛指“人生”，是不可数名词，故而便可正确选用冠词D。

转义名词主要分为两类：①把抽象意义转化为具体意义，因而赋予其可数功能;②把具体意义的名词抽象化，从而赋予其不可数性。

转义名词一直是高考测试的热点。其考查主要出现在单项和短文改错题中。其常考热点如下：

(1)抽象转具体： pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人 / 物”。如： The meeting is a success.

(2)抽象转具体： worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等，指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时，有其单、复数形式。如：There have been strong winds over the last two months.

(3)抽象转具体： a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如： He has a good practical knowledge of computer science

(4)具体转抽象： school, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church等，都是可数名词，可以有具体的意义，如a school, three schools。再例如：

When you come here for your holiday next time, don't go to _____ hotel; I can find you _____ bed in my flat.

A. the; a B. the; 不填　C. a; the D. a; 不填

但是，在不用冠词、不用复数，而只突出与之有关的活动时，它们便失去了具体意义。如： go to school, at table等。 再例如：

When he left ______ college, he got a job as ______ reporter in a newspaper office.

A. 不填; a B. 不填; the C. a; the D. the; the

(5)具体转抽象： day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色时，表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如： Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.

五、名词与形容词定语的区别

[例] There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.

[析] 形容词和名词都可作定语，但有时含义有别，有时则出现错误。如可说a golden medal(一块镀金奖牌/一块金色的奖牌)，也可以说a gold medal (一块金牌); 但可说a chemistry teacher(化学老师)，而不可说a chemical teacher(化学原料做的老师?)，但可说a chemical works(一家化工厂)。据此可见，此题中的“个人信息”不应用person information表达。

另应注意，除man, woman常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)”式，及一些特殊词，如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等以外，用作修饰词的名词，一般都要用单数式。如： a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。

六、与动词或介词构成的固定搭配

[例] It is said that dogs will keep you _____ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.

A. safety B. company　C. house D. friend

[析] 无论是动宾结构还是介宾结构，有时名词虽然近义，但却不能主观臆断，而要选择固定的搭配式。本题的keep sb. company就是一个典型的固定搭配式，意为“与……为伴”。

七、名词搭配的语境限定

[例] You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ________. (2006广东高考)

A. date B. shape　C. order D. balance

[析] out of date 意为“过期，不时髦”;out of shape意思是“不成形的”;out of order就是in disorder，意为“乱七八糟的”。搭配并无问题，而意义决定了B是正确答案。

八、名词的同、近义词辨析

[例] I’m sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______ of direction.

A. idea B. feeling 　C. experience D. sense

[析] 名词的同、近义词辨析，不仅仅较多地应用于书面表达，而且还可以较为灵活地设题于单项填空、完形填空或短文改错题中。本题的四个近义词选项中，sense的“意识”性更强，因而答案选D。

常易设题的同、近义名词有如下各组：

(1)cause, reason, excuse, explanation;　 (2)family, home, house, room, space;

(3)sign, signal, mark, example, symbol;　(4)award, reward, prize, money;

(5)value, price, cost, charge; (6)kind, sort, type, variety;

(7)range, reach, distance, length; (8)news, word, message, information, notice;

(9)energy, force, strength, power; (10)accident, incident, affair, event, business, matter;

(11)practice, training, exercise, drill;

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