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out to be an inferior model for analyzing something as complex as the brain. (4) ___________________________. Genes control the brain’s neurotransmitters and receptors, which deliver and accept mental messages like so many cars headed for their assigned parking spaces. But there are billions of roads to each parking lot, and those paths are highly susceptible to environmental factors. (5) ___________________________. Children conceived during a three-month famine in the Netherlands during a Nazi blockade in 1945 were later found to have twice the rate of schizophrenia as did Dutch children born to parents who were spared the trauma of famine. “Twenty years ago, you couldn’t get your research funded if you were looking for a genetic basis for schizophrenia, because everyone knew it was what your mother did to you in the first few years of life, as Freud said,” says Robert Plomin, a geneticist at London’s Institute of Psychiatry. “Now you can’t get funded unless you’re looking for a genetic basis. Neither extreme is right, and the data show why. There’s only a 50 percent concordance between genetics and the development of schizophrenia.”［A］ Many scientists now believe that some experiences can actually alter the structure of the brain.［B］ Meanwhile, genetic claims are being made for a host of ordinary and abnormal behaviors, from addiction to shyness and even to political views and divorce. If who we are is determined from conception, then our efforts to change or to influence our children may be futile. There may also be no basis for insisting that people behave themselves and conform to laws. Thus, the revolution in thinking about genes has monumental consequences for how we view ourse
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