is called specialization. Specialization prevents many members of an industrial society from developing

intelligence and initiative. However, some careers in these societies demand a high degree of intelligence

and initiative. And there are some aspects of human society itself which encourage the development of such

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powers, indeed extend them beyond a point which can’t be attained by animals or animal communities lacking

the features which human society uniquely possesses.

Western-type democracies often claim that they provide "equality of opportunity" for all their citizens.

At first sight it might seem that this implies the same chance for everyone of succeeding in his preferred

occupation provided he is conscious of his goal and is willing to work hard; in other words, a situation

in which rewards depend only on desire and effort. What the phrase actually implies is, of course, something

rather different—namely a competitive situation in which the number of competitors exceeds the number of

rewards, though all competitors have the same "chance", because they all start the race from the same base

line. However, it is only in theory that they all start equal. Even if the state offers them free education

and protects them from hunger or extreme poverty, many citizens are disadvantaged in practice by their

background, their up-bringing, and probably other factors such as their sex or color. A process of invisible

or hidden selection goes on which has very little to do with "equality of opportunity in any sense. It is

not the individual who selects his job; it is the system of society with its specialized requirements which

selects the individuals who fit its requirements.

49.According to the passage, specialization is necessary because ______ .

A) few people can develop all-round skills

B) different social members take part in different activities

C) man is not as capable as machines in doing some things

D) more and more machines are taking the place of men

50.Acoording to the viewpoint of western people, democracy enables people to ______ .

A) be aware of their goals

B) compete with each other

C) develop themselves from the same base

D) succeed in their careers with equal chances

51.The word "provided" ( Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .

A) on condition that B) in view of

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C) according to D)by chance of

52.Accordint to the author, which of the following is true?

A) People will be equally successful if they get free-education.

B) There is no such thing as absolute equality in society.

C) People can have equal opportunity only if they are hardworking.

D) Western-type democracy is a suitable social system for westerners.

53.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A) The individual can select any kind of job he prefers

B) Everyone in the society can get a good job

C) The individuals must he able to meet the needs of society

D) Everyone can be successful in his preferred occupation

Questions 54-58 refer to the following invoice and letter.

Our personal backgrounds have a tremendous influences over our personalities, our attitudes, and our

value systems. Certainly no one completely abandons his or her background when entering an interview situation.

Backgrounds, called by sociologists cultural factors, create major expectations in the interviewee (client)

and the interviewer attorney before and during their exchange.

One background influence is social class. If the interviewer and the interviewee come from different

socioeconomic backgrounds ( i. e., life-styles that are different because of differences in wealth), the

difference in backgrounds could create a communication barrier in an interview. Young lawyers working in

poverty law frequently find their clients "laying trips" on them because of perceived differences in wealth.

The client's negative preconceptions about wealthy people create a problem for the interviewer.

Not only might the client have preconceptions based on social class, but the lawyer too should be conscious

of any preconceptions he or she might hold about the client.

Another background influence is education and experience. Tensions on the part of the less educated often

restrict their flow of communication with more highly educated people. Unfortunately, less educated people

frequently believe difference in schooling experiences makes communication with more highly educated

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individuals impossible. How many of us have experienced this in our daily lives, particularly in the feeling

that there is a problem communicating with a relative who has had no college education? Or how often have

you felt uncomfortable talking. with a college dean or professor?

Sex and age are potential barrier too. At times, there may be problems in dyadic（两者的） communication

just because the dyad is male-male, female-female, female-male, or young-old. If a female client strongly

believes that men are always sources of poor treatment, she may view a male attorney as an enemy. And we

have long heard about the generation gap. Youth have trouble understanding the elderly, and vice versa

54.According to the passage, a person's life-style .

A) enables the lawyer to judge his client

B) reflects his social position

C) bars him from communicating with wealthy people

D) influences his attitude towards poor client

55.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that .

A) different education might make effective communication difficult

B) people with more education are unwilling to communicate with the less educated

C) difference in education makes communication impossible

D) less educated people feel reluctant to talk with highly educated ones

56.The following are background influences with an exception of .

A) sdcial class B) education

C) sex and age D) working experience

57.Who might be the reader of the passage?

A) sociologists B) interviewers