每题3分，共45分 1、 Chewing Gum The practice of chewing gum(口香糖)has been with us for more than a century. Millions of people all over the world chew billions of pieces of gum every year. Chewing gum became popular in the United States mainly because of the work of one man, William Wrigley, who for many years was head of the Wrigley Company. Earlier, Thomas Adams first began to experiment with chewing gum in about the year 1870. It was he who first made gum softer and pleasant to chew. But it was not until Wrigley entered the business in about 1890 that people everywhere began to learn about chewing gum and to use it widely. Wrigley liked to do things in a big way. In this first year, he borrowed money and spent more than a million dollars on advertising(做广告). For years, there was a large Wrigley’s advertisement in every streetcar(有轨电车)in the United States. People complained that they could not go anywhere without seeing Wrigley’s name. Wrigley even sent, free of charge, pieces of gum to every person in the telephone book of every city and town in the United States. Finally, he began to advertise that it was good for the health to chew gum and that it helped to keep the teeth clean. He used to send free gum to every child in the United States on their second birthday. He employed young women who, in beautiful dresses, would go from city to city in groups of four or five, stand on street corners, and give free chewing gum to every person who passed by. In this way, each woman gave away about five thousand pieces of Wrigley’s gum every day. As a result of this continuous advertising, people in the United States naturally began to buy more and more chewing gum.
1Who first started to experiment with chewing gum?
2William Wrigley spent more than a million dollars in advertising his chewing gum because
3Which of the following is NOT true of Wrigley’s advertising?
4In the last paragraph, the phrase “give away” is closest in meaning to
5According to the passage, people in the U. S. began to chew more and more gum mainly because of
2、 Listening to Birdsong A male zebra finch chirps away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird, nearby: He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But the female finch can tell the difference. Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female ( and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used. For this Study, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past. In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert. Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, others didn''t. The females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if they''d never met the male. Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknown male, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening, to the concert version of their mates'' songs. This suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize--and prefer—the songs of their mates. Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up when the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and eva luating the songs, and storing the memories of them. This research deals with what''s called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the way moms speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter, and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.
1What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?
2What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches?
3What is meant by "concert songs" in the seventh paragraph?
4What is NOT tree of directed communication?
5Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?
3、 "Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common Cryptic species — animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant — may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution. Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat in Frankfurt1, Germany, analyzed all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions. Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate regions. “Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different Cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered," says Pfenninger. Until the genetic information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist, "It could be as high as 30%, Pfenninger says. "I''m extremely surprised by their results," says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph2 in Ontario3, Canada. "It''s a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing. " Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete. work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will be able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom. Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currently listed as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU)1. The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences. In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused: attempts to control malaria in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling species, only three of which transmitted the disease. "The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing with," Pfenninger says. Much previous research is now no longer used, he Says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.
1Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?
2What was scientists'' understanding of cryptic species?
3Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist?
4Which of the following about the African bush elephant and the African elephant is true?
5People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe in the early 1900s. because scientists
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