11. The word “brainstorming” belongs to ______ .(　　　)

A. adjective compounds                                    B. noun compounds

C. verb compounds                                          D. adverb compounds

12. ______does not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modifies its meaning. (　　　)

A. Prefixation                                                   B. Suffixation

C. Affixation                                                    D. Derivation

13. A word is the combination of form and______. (　　　)

A. spelling                                                        B. pronunciation

C. meaning                                                      D. sound

14. ______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.(　　　)

A. Reference                                                    B. Concept

C. Sense                                                          D. Motivation

15. The meaning given in the dictionary and forming the core of word-meaning is ______. (　　　)

A. grammatical meaning                                    B. lexical meaning

C. conceptual meaning                                      D. associative meaning

16. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called ______. (　　　)

A. derivation                                                    B. deterioration

C. purification                                                  D. pejoration

17. One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ______ than ______ in it. (　　　)

A. hyponyms ... homonyms                               B. homonyms ... hyponyms

C. synonyms ... antonyms                                 D. antonyms ...synonyms

18. Relative synonyms also called______ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but  embrace different degrees of a given quality. (　　　)

A. close-synonyms                                           B. respondent-synonyms

C. near-synonyms                                            D. dependent-synonyms

19. Angel, martyr and paradise have their meaning______ because of the influence of Christianity. (　　　)

A. elevated                                                       B. degraded

C. narrowed                                                     D. extended

20. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and______.(　　　)

A. sense                                                          B. reference

C. association                                                   D. transfer