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【动词的时态(五)】
现在完成时(一)
现在完成时
(1)现在完成时表示某个动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),这个动作或状态可能已经结束,也可能还要持续下去。
其构成形式是: have/ has + 动词过去分词
否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t
疑问句要将have/ has放到主语之前。
(2)现在完成时的用法。
① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有:already, yet, ever, never, just等。如:
I have already finished the work.
Have you ever been to Beijing?
He has never seen such a nice car.
② 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
for + 时间段;
since + 时间点(表时间段);时间段+ago;一般过去时态。如:
I have taught in this school for ten years.
I have taught in this school since ten years ago.
③ for和since引导的短语都表示“一段时间”,所以谓语动词应该用延续性动词,不能用非延续性动词。延续性动词表示该动词可以延续一段时间,如:live, work, study, teach, stay等,非延续性动词是指该动词所表示的动作不能持续,是短暂的、瞬来源:91考试网 91Exam.org间完成的,如:borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。
许多非延续性动词可以用意思相同或相近的延续性动词来表示:
leave ---- be away from
arrive ---- be in
go ---- be away
come ---- be in / at
finish ---- be ove来源:91考试网 91EXAm.orgr
buy ---- have
borrow ---- keep
die ---- be dead
join ---- be in/be a member of
begin ---- be on
如:He has gone
He has been away for an hour.
I have bought a watch.
I have had the watch for several days.
④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to
have/ has been to: 曾去过
have/ has gone to: 已去,去了(不在说话现场,在途中或已经到达)
My mother has been to America. 我妈妈曾经去过美国。
My mother has gone to America. 我妈妈已经去了美国。
(3)现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
①一般过去时只单纯表示过去,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以不能和确定的过去的时间状语连用。如:
We have visited the farm(现在对农场有所了解)
We visited the farm last week(说明上周参观农场这件事)
②如果询问某事发生的时间、地点只能用一般过去时。如:
When did you lose your cat?
I lost it last night.
I found it in the garden.
If you swear you will catch no fish. 咒骂解决不了问题。
The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself. 人生最难是自知.