riend''s friends, or influence on a person''s weight or a spouse''s sibling''s friends, could have an influence on a person’s weight. The effects, he said, “highlight the importance of contagion, that spreads through the network.” Of course, the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight. There is a strong genetic component at work, too. Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 30 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person’s weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter, it appears that many are edging toward the top of their ranges. The question has been why. If the new research is correct, it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic, making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
1Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese?
2 Which of the following statement about a friend''s influence is false according to the report?
3According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence?
4Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report?
5 In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic?
21、 Kidney disease and heart disease spur each other Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on'' the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.” Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades. And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month''s Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease. The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors'' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond'' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'''' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels of the protein albumin in the urine; and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease. The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the striking markers were worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.
1How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease?
2How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?
3How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?
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