每题3分，共15分 1、 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers． Tile device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated，the scientists say． Such natural disasters are common in countries that experience sudden，heavy rainfall，and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion． Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move，but the early stages can be hard to spot． Following this initial movement，“slopes can become． unstable in a matter of hours or minutes,” says Nell Dixon at Loughborough University1,UK．He says a warning system that monitors this movement “might be enough to evacuate a block of fiats or clear a road，and save lives．” The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changes in its shape．Surveyors can do this by measuring a site directly，or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope．Slopes can，however，change shape without triggering a landslide，so either method is prone to causing false alarms．Now Dixon’s team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations caused when particles begin moving within a slope． The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a boreh01e in a slope．The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope．These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface．Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent． The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle2，UK．Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems．Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested，the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous slopes． “Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this,” says Adam Poulter，an expert at the British Red Cross．“As long as it doesn’t cost too much．” But，Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own．“You need to have the human communication,” he says．“Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult．” 词汇：landslide/5lAndslaId/n．山崩；地滑；塌方 imminent/5iminEnt/adj．即将发生的 vibration/vai5breiFEn/n．振动 sensor/5sensE(r)/ n．传感器 evacuate/i5vAkjueit/v．疏散，撒走 borehole/5bC:hEul/n．钻孔，井眼 rainfall/5reinfC:l /n．降雨，降雨量 gravel/5^rAvEl/n．砾，沙砾，砾石 erosion/i5rEuVEn/n．腐蚀，侵蚀 embankment/Im5bANkmEnt/n．堤岸 注释：1． Loughborough University：拉夫堡大学。该大学地处英格兰东部的拉夫堡市，始建于1909年的拉夫堡学院，1966年获得皇家特许正式成为综合大学。 2． Newcastle：纽卡斯尔。英格兰东北部的一个自治区，位于利兹(Leeds)以北泰纳(the Tync River)河畔。
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