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Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following; statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given ( 1% X10=10% )
11. P __________ is a branch of linguistic study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.
12. The consonant [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is a ______________ .
13. Some morphemes are words such as help, table and room, which are independent units of meaning and can be used independently. They are called f_________ morphemes.
14. Linguistic elements are arranged in a particular order to make a string of words not only meaningful but also l_________ -and hierarchically-structured.
15. In predication analysis, a p _________is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.
16. Among the views concerning the study of meaning, contextualism holds that meaning can be derived from or reduced to observable c _________ in which language is used.
17. Language change is largely a process of balancing between the simplification and the e_________ of rules, between the need to reduce memory burdens and the need to maintain commnunicative clarity.
18. In sociolinguistics, i_________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.
19. Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on l_________.
20. In second language leaning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional, and i_________ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.
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